{"id":2418,"date":"2022-11-14T17:54:55","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T20:54:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blinda.com.br\/equipamentos-e-componentes-com-involucros-metalicos-ou-plasticos-do-tipo-a-prova-de-explosao-tipo-de-protecao-ex-d-parte-1-2\/"},"modified":"2022-12-12T13:27:45","modified_gmt":"2022-12-12T16:27:45","slug":"equipamentos-e-componentes-com-involucros-metalicos-ou-plasticos-do-tipo-a-prova-de-explosao-tipo-de-protecao-ex-d-parte-1-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blinda.com.br\/en\/flame-proof-equipment-and-components-with-metal-or-plastic-enclosures-type-of-protection-ex-d-part-1-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Flame-proof equipment and components with metal or plastic enclosures – Type of protection Ex \u201cd\u201d (Part 1\/2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Synopsis<\/em><\/strong>: \u201cEx\u201d instrumentation, automation, telecommunications, and electrical components and equipment can be manufactured with plastic or metal enclosures with the Ex \u201cd\u201d type of protection (flame-proof), being suitable for installation in classified areas containing flammable gases Zone 1 or Zone 2.<\/p>\n

Equipment or components with \u201cflame-proof\u201c (Ex \u201cd\u201c) type enclosures are those in which the internal sparking<\/strong> parts that can cause ignition of an explosive atmosphere of flammable gases are confined<\/strong> inside an enclosure that is able to withstand the pressure developed during an internal explosion of an explosive mixture, and that also prevents the propagation of this internal explosion to the external explosive gas atmosphere, existing around the Ex \u201cd\u201c equipment, which could cause a catastrophic accident in installations containing classified areas. In the Ex \u201cd\u201d type of protection explosions are not prevented and must consequently be contained.<\/p>\n

In 1921<\/strong> the Department of Mines at the University of Sheffield, in the UK, started research work on \u201cflame-proof\u201d equipment in collaboration with the SMRB<\/strong> (Safety in Mines Research Board<\/em>) and the British Electrical and Related Industry Research Association, later called the ERA (Electrical Research Association<\/em>). In 1922 the University of Sheffield, began to carry out \u201ccommercial<\/em>\u201d tests of explosion-proof equipment for some individual manufacturers, when the first certificate was issued by that University.<\/p>\n

The first electrical equipment that was used in coal mines was due to the advent of motors with \u201cflame-proof\u201d type metal enclosures to drive elevators, fans, and mining equipment. Coal mine operators observed at that time, however, that other electrical equipment besides motors could also be used inside enclosures with \u201creinforced flame-proof\u201d type walls and joints, such as fuses, light fixtures, and plugs.<\/p>\n

In Brazil, equipment with metal enclosures of the \u201cexplosion-proof\u201d type were initially used in the construction of the first oil refineries, starting in the 1930s, with the installation of the first oil refinery in Rio Grande do Sul State, at the Southern part of the Country. Due to the influences of the North American Electrical Code (NEC) and the North American design and construction companies, a \u201cculture<\/em>\u201d of using \u201cexplosion-proof\u201d type metallic equipment with flanged covers fixed by bolts was created in Brazil, from the 1930s and 1940s, among national manufacturers of electrical equipment for classified areas.<\/p>\n

The following figure shows an example of an internal view of an Ex \u201cd\u201d enclosure with flanged joint and screwed cover (equipment seen without the cover), in which the large \u201cempty internal volume\u201d existing inside the equipment can be verified. It also can be seen the large number of holes for fixing the cover with screws, necessary to withstand the pressure resulting from an internal explosion.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Internal view of a metallic “\u201cexplosionflame-proof”\u201d type enclosure (Ex. “\u201cd”\u201d) with flanged joint and screwed cover fixed by dozens of screws (equipment seen without the cover)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Electrical and instrumentation equipment of the \u201cflame-proof\u201d type needs to have much more \u201creinforced<\/em>\u201d or \u201crobust<\/em>\u201d metal enclosures than electrical or instrumentation products for \u201cordinary industrial<\/em>\u201d use, in order to withstand the pressure of an internal explosion, without being damaged and without allowing this internal explosion to propagate outwards. A luminaire, for example, that only has the \u201cflame-proof\u201d type of protection for the manufacture of its complete enclosure, has a higher weight and more \u201ccomplex<\/em>\u201d assembly and \u201cEx\u201d maintenance procedures when compared to an \u201cordinary<\/em>\u201d industrial luminaire.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, the requirements for installation, inspection, maintenance, repair, and reclamation procedures for a luminaire with \u201cexplosion-proof\u201d type metal enclosure are more complex and stringent compared to a \u201ccommon\u201d industrial luminaire or even one manufactured with other types of combined \u201cEx\u201d protection, such as Ex \u201ceb mb IIC\u201d or Ex \u201cec mc IIC\u201d. The same applies to other types of \u201cEx\u201d electrical or instrumentation equipment, such as Junction Boxes, which have no sparking components inside.<\/p>\n

One of the \u201cconceptual<\/em>\u201d characteristics in these types of \u201cflame-proof\u201d metal enclosures is the existence of large internal void volumes between the devices installed inside. These large \u201cinternal void volumes<\/em>\u201d allow the accumulation of large quantities of explosive atmospheres inside the Ex \u201cd\u201d enclosure, coming, for example, from the external vicinity where the equipment is installed. This large quantity of explosive atmosphere, in turn, gives rise to a large explosion inside the enclosure when it comes into contact with the sparking parts of the components that are installed inside.<\/p>\n

This great pressure resulting from the internal explosion, with the generation of great energy, needs to be \u201ccontained<\/em>\u201d by means of enclosures that have thick walls, otherwise the enclosure would be destroyed by the internal explosion. In addition, there is the need to install a large number of screws to fix the cover, otherwise the cover would be \u201ctorn<\/em>\u201d from the enclosure, or it would allow the creation of \u201cinterstices<\/em>\u201d, or \u201cgaps<\/em>\u201d that would cause the internal explosion to unduly propagate<\/strong> to the outside of the enclosure, putting the entire plant at risk of a catastrophic explosion. For reasons of safety and more rigorous enclosure design, the Ex \u201cd\u201d metal enclosures are tested \u201cempty<\/em>\u201d in the laboratories, making the internal volume as large as possible, leading to the need for greater wall thicknesses and a greater number of fastening bolts for the covers.<\/p>\n

Manufacturers of \u201cEx\u201d equipment with \u201cflame-proof\u201d type metal enclosures with flanged covers fixed by several bolts are themselves concerned<\/strong> about the safety that this equipment may or may not provide<\/strong> when installed in classified areas and warn the owners of this type of Ex \u201cd\u201d equipment about the possibilities of propagation<\/strong> of primary<\/em><\/strong> explosions (which may occur inside<\/strong> the Ex \u201cd\u201d enclosure) resulting in secondary<\/em><\/strong> explosions (which may occur outside<\/strong>, around the Ex \u201cd\u201d enclosure), with the possible \u201cdevastating<\/em>\u201d or catastrophic consequences that can occur, arising from these undue propagations.<\/p>\n

According to one of the world’s largest manufacturers of \u201cEx\u201d equipment, this type of risk situation, which can occur in cases where only a single one of several screws securing the covers to the Ex \u201cd\u201d enclosures is missing or improperly tightened, can be verified in the instructional video \u201cAn important safety message from Eaton Crouse Hounds Business: Understanding explosion proof NEMA 7 enclosures<\/em>\u201d, available at: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nccrAqNUPbs<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"
Didactic video produced by a manufacturer of “\u201cEx”\u201d equipment with Ex “\u201cd”\u201d metal enclosures showing the possible catastrophic consequences of missing a single cover fixing screw<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Other problems related to metal \u201cflame-proof\u201d type enclosures with flanged covers fixed by several bolts are related to the existence of mechanical damage that can occur on the flange faces that represent \u201cflame passage\u201d areas. In cases where these flanged faces may be damaged<\/strong>, caused for example by improper mechanical impacts from hand tools, an internal explosion may be improperly propagated to the external side of the \u201cflame-proof\u201d equipment, compromising the safety of the installations in classified areas, and may cause \u201cdevastating\u201d or catastrophic effects, according to the video of the mentioned equipment manufacturer \u201cEx\u201d metal enclosures (flame proof) Ex \u201cd\u201d.<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Didactic video produced by a manufacturer of “\u201cEx”\u201d equipment with Ex “\u201cd”\u201d metal enclosures showing the possible “devastating” catastrophic consequences arising from flanged metal joints with undue mechanical damage<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

An educational video on this subject shows the possible \u201cconsequences<\/em>\u201d of equipment with Ex \u201cd\u201d metal enclosures having improperly<\/strong> mechanically damaged flanged joints: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=MTP1FGZFPKU<\/a><\/p>\n

Individually certified components with the \u201cexplosion-proof\u201d type of protection<\/strong><\/p>\n

As technical alternatives of manufacturing equipment with type of \u201cEx\u201d protection to dispense with the need to install Ex \u201cd\u201d metal<\/strong> enclosures with flanged joints and screwed covers can be mentioned the installation of sparking devices inside pressurized enclosures<\/strong> (Type of protection Ex \u201cp\u201d), as in the cases of local control panels installed in classified areas.<\/p>\n

There is also available in the market, since the decade of 1990, sparking components<\/strong> installed inside a plastic<\/strong> flame-proof<\/em><\/strong> enclosure (Ex \u201cdb\u201d<\/strong>), with increased safety<\/em><\/strong> terminals (Ex \u201ceb\u201d<\/strong>), with COMBINED<\/strong> protections Ex \u201cdb eb IIC\u201d (U)<\/strong>. Using this manufacturing technique, the available empty spaces to be occupied by flammable gases inside the plastic casing are reduced, making it able to withstand the pressure of an internal explosion, without allowing this explosion to propagate to the external environment.<\/p>\n

The following Figure shows a sectional view of an example of a spark gap component (circuit breaker) mounted inside Ex \u201cd\u201d (explosion-proof)<\/strong> enclosure, with terminals and plastic enclosure with Ex \u201ce\u201d (increased safety) type of protection. Ex marking of IIC Gb<\/strong>, with certification with suffix \u201cU\u201d (\u201cEx\u201d component).<\/p>\n

\"\"
Sectional view of a spark gap component (circuit breaker) mounted inside plastic enclosure of the “\u201cexplosionflame-proof”\u201d (Ex “\u201cdb”\u201d) type enclosure and \u201cincreased safety\u201d (Ex \u201ceb\u201d) terminals of the “increased safety” (Ex “eb”) type. Marking of the individually certified component: Ex db eb IIC Gb (U)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"
Example of “\u201cEx”\u201d switchgear assembly for power circuits containing three-pole circuit-breakers with “\u201cexplosionflame-proof”\u201d (Ex “\u201cdb”\u201d) enclosures, made of plastic, with “\u201cincreased safety”\u201d (Ex “\u201ceb”\u201d) terminals. Marking of the individually certified components: Ex db eb IIC Gb (U)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

These Ex \u201cdb eb\u201d<\/strong> components can be installed inside increased safety enclosures (Ex\u00a0\u201ce\u201d), with external enclosures made of thermoplastic material or aluminum or stainless-steel plates. This type of Ex \u201cdb eb\u201d IIC Gb (U) spark gap components has, among others, the benefits<\/strong> of dispensing with the need for an outer metallic enclosure of the \u201cflame-proof\u201d type, also dispensing with the need for the installation of Ex \u201cd\u201d conduit fittings, such as Ex \u201cd\u201d conduit sealing units, nipples, and male\/female couplings.<\/p>\n

These combinations<\/strong> of type of Ex db eb IIC Gb\u201d protections (or Ex\u00a0\u201ceb\u00a0mb\u00a0IIC\u00a0Gb\u201d)<\/strong> represent significant technological solutions of the market in terms of greater easiness<\/strong> of assembly, inspection, and maintenance \u201cEx\u201d field services in classified areas, contributing to reduce the occurrence of eventual \u201cdeviations<\/em><\/strong>\u201d, increasing the safety levels in instrumentation, automation, telecommunications, and electrical installations in explosive atmospheres.<\/p>\n

Examples of \u201cEx\u201d equipment incorporating combined \u201cEx\u201d protection types are \u201cEx control and automation panels and \u201cEx\u201d local control panels<\/strong> \u201c, containing individually certified components with combined Ex \u201cdb eb\u201d IIC Gb (U) protection<\/strong>, in which the sparkling<\/strong> parts of electrical components (U marking), as control buttons, electrical contacts, control switches, power disconnect switches, contactors, relays or LED indicators are individually \u201cencapsulated\u201d in small plastic enclosures of the \u201cflame-proof\u201d type (Ex \u201cdb\u201d),<\/strong> with terminals of the increased safety type (Ex\u00a0\u201ceb\u201d<\/strong>).<\/p>\n

\"\"
Example of “\u201cEx”\u201d switchgear assembly for power and control circuit distribution in hazardous areas, with stainless steel outer enclosures, containing individually certified spark-proofing components with “\u201cexplosionflame-proof”\u201d (Ex “\u201cdb”\u201d) type enclosures and “\u201cincreased safety”\u201d (Ex “\u201ceb”\u201d) type terminals. Full panel marking: Ex db eb IIC T4 Gb \/ Ex tb IIIC T135\u00baC Db<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Continue in next issue<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Roberval<\/p>\n

Roberval Bulgarelli<\/strong><\/p>\n

Technical Consultant on equipment and installation in explosive atmospheres
\nMaster in Protection of Power Electric Systems
\nMember of Working Groups of Brazilian TC 31 Mirror Subcommittee SCB 003:031 (Explosive Atmospheres<\/em>) of ABNT\/CB-003 (Electricity<\/em>)
\nMember of Working Groups TC 31 (Equipment for explosive atmospheres<\/em>), TC 95 (Protective Relays<\/em>) and IECEx (International \u201cEx\u201d Certification Systems<\/em>) of IEC
\nOrganizer of the Book \u201cThe total life cycle of installations in explosive atmospheres<\/em>\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Synopsis: \u201cEx\u201d instrumentation, automation, telecommunications, and electrical components and equipment can be manufactured with plastic or metal enclosures with the Ex \u201cd\u201d type of protection (flame-proof), being suitable for installation in classified areas containing flammable gases Zone 1 or Zone 2. Equipment or components with \u201cflame-proof\u201c (Ex \u201cd\u201c) type enclosures are those in which the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2291,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[220],"tags":[230,269,272,270,271],"class_list":["post-2418","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-a-prova-de-explosao-en","tag-equipamentos-en","tag-equipments","tag-ex-d-en","tag-flame-proof"],"yoast_head":"\nFlame-proof equipment and components with metal or plastic enclosures - 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